|
John Alexander Dowie (25 May 1847 – 9 March 1907) was a Scottish evangelist and faith healer who ministered in Australia and the United States. He founded the city of Zion, Illinois, and the Christian Apostolic Church. He was an eloquent speaker.〔 ==Biography== Dowie was born in Edinburgh to John Murray Dowie, a tailor and preacher.〔 He moved to Adelaide, South Australia with his parents in 1860 and found work in a prosperous shoe business run by an uncle, Alexander Dowie. After a few months, Dowie left the employment of his uncle and had various jobs through which he advanced his position. At length, he became confidential clerk for the resident partner of a firm that was doing a business of $2 million a year.〔The Life of John Alexander Dowie, Gordon Lindsay, Voice of Healing Publishing Co. 1951〕 His father was president of the South Adelaide chapter of the Total Abstinence Society in 1867, and John Alexander an active member. Around 1868 at the age of 21, Dowie returned to Edinburgh to study theology. He then returned to Australia and was ordained pastor of a Congregational church at Alma, South Australia (near Hamley Bridge) in 1872. Dowie received and accepted a call to a pastorate at Manly, New South Wales in 1873, and at Newtown in 1875.〔 He married his cousin, Jane Dowie, on 26 May 1876. They had three children, Gladstone (1877–1945), Jeanie (1879–1885), and Esther (1881–1902). He published ''Rome's Polluted Springs'' in 1877, the substance of two lectures given at the Masonic Hall, Sydney. In 1879 he also published at Sydney ''The Drama, The Press and the Pulpit'', revised reports of two lectures given the previous March. About this time he gave up his pastorate as a Congregational clergyman and became an independent evangelist, holding his meetings in a theatre and claiming powers as a faith healer.〔 He was for a time involved with the Salvation Army.〔 Coming to Melbourne in the early 1880s, he attracted many followers.〔 In 1882, he was invited to the Sackville Street Tabernacle, Collingwood. His authoritarian leadership led to a split in the church, and Dowie was fined and jailed for over a month for leading unauthorized processions. He gave his account of the incident in ''Sin in The Camp''.〔 After an arson scandal in which his church burnt down in suspicious circumstances (thereby enabling him to pay off large debts)〔London Daily Mail 24 October 1900; Melbourne Truth 19 March 1904.〕 he moved to the United States in 1888. He first settled in San Francisco and built up a following by performing faith healings across the state.〔J. Dowie, American First Fruits (San Francisco: Leaves of Healing, 1889)〕 His ministry, the International Divine Healing Association, was run largely as a commercial enterprise. All members were expected to tithe and, if they did, were eligible to request Dowie's aid in healing their ills. Such requests were made by mail or telegram (or later, by phone). Dowie would then pray in response to requests by paid-up members. Although Dowie funded his lifestyle largely through tithes, he also liked to buy up securities of bankrupt companies and sell them off to his constituents.〔London Daily Mail 24 October 1900; I.D. Bowman, Dowieism Exposed (Philadelphia: 1904) 10-1.〕 Unfortunately for Dowie, two women whom he had defrauded in this way took him to court and successfully sued him. In this aftermath of this legal and public relations defeat, Dowie moved to Chicago in 1890. After a few unsuccessful years in Chicago, Dowie gained fame by renting property adjacent to the World's Fair in 1893. There he staged elaborate "Divine Healings" in front of large audiences. Many of these "healings" were staged using audience plants and other dubious methods. At other times carefully screened individuals were brought on stage to be healed.〔R. Harlan, “John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion,” (PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1906), 117; ; J. Swain, “John Alexander Dowie: the Prophet and his Profits,” The Century 64 (1902): 941.〕 By all indications Dowie could cure a range of psychosomatic illnesses with his stagecraft. After developing his following through these methods, Dowie disbanded the International Divine Healing Association and formed the Christian Catholic Church in Zion in 1896. (He would rename it the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in 1903.) He established several tabernacles and healing homes in the Chicago area, although he spent much of 1895 in court fighting allegations that he was practicing medicine without a license.〔Blumhofer, 32-33.〕 With a following of some approximately 6,000, he sought land north of Chicago and bought up a large amount of real estate secretly. In 1900, he announced the founding the city of Zion, 40 miles from Chicago, where he owned all the property personally. He established a theocratic political and economic structure and prohibited smoking, drinking, eating pork, and any form of modern medicine. He also established a range of businesses, healing homes, and a large Tabernacle. Followers from across the world descended on Zion. Zion has been characterized as "a carefully-devised large-scale platform for securities fraud requiring significant organizational, legal, and propagandistic preparation to carry out."〔B. Morton, ("The Big Con: John Alexander Dowie and the Spread of Zionist Christianity in South Africa." ) 〕 To this end Dowie forced his followers to deposit their wealth in Zion Bank, which had the veneer of being a registered entity but which was in fact an unincorporated entity under his control. He also sold worthless stock in an array of Zion's businesses.〔“Holmes vs Dowie et al,” Federal Reporter 138 (1906-7); “Samuel Stevenson vs John Alexander Dowie (January 31, 1902).” In Illinois Circuit Court Reports, 3. (Chicago: T. H. Flood, 1909), 153-92.〕 The entire structure of Zion was continually in debt, and eventually crashed as he became increasingly senile. In 1905, he suffered a stroke in Mexico. While absent, he was deposed by Wilbur G. Voliva, his chief lieutenant,〔 Voliva and official investigators maintained that anywhere from $2.5 to 3.4 million was unaccounted for. Dowie attempted to recover his authority through litigation but was ultimately forced to accept an allowance until his death in 1907.〔 Dowie is buried in Lake Mound Cemetery, Zion, Illinois.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zion Historical Society )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dowieism -->John Alexander Dowie (25 May 1847 – 9 March 1907) was a Scottish evangelist and faith healer who ministered in Australia and the United States. He founded the city of Zion, Illinois, and the Christian Apostolic Church. He was an eloquent speaker.==Biography==Dowie was born in Edinburgh to John Murray Dowie, a tailor and preacher. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia with his parents in 1860 and found work in a prosperous shoe business run by an uncle, Alexander Dowie. After a few months, Dowie left the employment of his uncle and had various jobs through which he advanced his position. At length, he became confidential clerk for the resident partner of a firm that was doing a business of $2 million a year.The Life of John Alexander Dowie, Gordon Lindsay, Voice of Healing Publishing Co. 1951His father was president of the South Adelaide chapter of the Total Abstinence Society in 1867, and John Alexander an active member. Around 1868 at the age of 21, Dowie returned to Edinburgh to study theology. He then returned to Australia and was ordained pastor of a Congregational church at Alma, South Australia (near Hamley Bridge) in 1872. Dowie received and accepted a call to a pastorate at Manly, New South Wales in 1873, and at Newtown in 1875. He married his cousin, Jane Dowie, on 26 May 1876. They had three children, Gladstone (1877–1945), Jeanie (1879–1885), and Esther (1881–1902).He published ''Rome's Polluted Springs'' in 1877, the substance of two lectures given at the Masonic Hall, Sydney. In 1879 he also published at Sydney ''The Drama, The Press and the Pulpit'', revised reports of two lectures given the previous March. About this time he gave up his pastorate as a Congregational clergyman and became an independent evangelist, holding his meetings in a theatre and claiming powers as a faith healer. He was for a time involved with the Salvation Army. Coming to Melbourne in the early 1880s, he attracted many followers. In 1882, he was invited to the Sackville Street Tabernacle, Collingwood. His authoritarian leadership led to a split in the church, and Dowie was fined and jailed for over a month for leading unauthorized processions. He gave his account of the incident in ''Sin in The Camp''.After an arson scandal in which his church burnt down in suspicious circumstances (thereby enabling him to pay off large debts)London Daily Mail 24 October 1900; Melbourne Truth 19 March 1904. he moved to the United States in 1888. He first settled in San Francisco and built up a following by performing faith healings across the state.J. Dowie, American First Fruits (San Francisco: Leaves of Healing, 1889) His ministry, the International Divine Healing Association, was run largely as a commercial enterprise. All members were expected to tithe and, if they did, were eligible to request Dowie's aid in healing their ills. Such requests were made by mail or telegram (or later, by phone). Dowie would then pray in response to requests by paid-up members. Although Dowie funded his lifestyle largely through tithes, he also liked to buy up securities of bankrupt companies and sell them off to his constituents.London Daily Mail 24 October 1900; I.D. Bowman, Dowieism Exposed (Philadelphia: 1904) 10-1. Unfortunately for Dowie, two women whom he had defrauded in this way took him to court and successfully sued him. In this aftermath of this legal and public relations defeat, Dowie moved to Chicago in 1890.After a few unsuccessful years in Chicago, Dowie gained fame by renting property adjacent to the World's Fair in 1893. There he staged elaborate "Divine Healings" in front of large audiences. Many of these "healings" were staged using audience plants and other dubious methods. At other times carefully screened individuals were brought on stage to be healed.R. Harlan, “John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion,” (PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1906), 117; ; J. Swain, “John Alexander Dowie: the Prophet and his Profits,” The Century 64 (1902): 941. By all indications Dowie could cure a range of psychosomatic illnesses with his stagecraft.After developing his following through these methods, Dowie disbanded the International Divine Healing Association and formed the Christian Catholic Church in Zion in 1896. (He would rename it the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in 1903.) He established several tabernacles and healing homes in the Chicago area, although he spent much of 1895 in court fighting allegations that he was practicing medicine without a license.Blumhofer, 32-33. With a following of some approximately 6,000, he sought land north of Chicago and bought up a large amount of real estate secretly. In 1900, he announced the founding the city of Zion, 40 miles from Chicago, where he owned all the property personally. He established a theocratic political and economic structure and prohibited smoking, drinking, eating pork, and any form of modern medicine. He also established a range of businesses, healing homes, and a large Tabernacle. Followers from across the world descended on Zion. Zion has been characterized as "a carefully-devised large-scale platform for securities fraud requiring significant organizational, legal, and propagandistic preparation to carry out."B. Morton, ("The Big Con: John Alexander Dowie and the Spread of Zionist Christianity in South Africa." ) To this end Dowie forced his followers to deposit their wealth in Zion Bank, which had the veneer of being a registered entity but which was in fact an unincorporated entity under his control. He also sold worthless stock in an array of Zion's businesses.“Holmes vs Dowie et al,” Federal Reporter 138 (1906-7); “Samuel Stevenson vs John Alexander Dowie (January 31, 1902).” In Illinois Circuit Court Reports, 3. (Chicago: T. H. Flood, 1909), 153-92. The entire structure of Zion was continually in debt, and eventually crashed as he became increasingly senile.In 1905, he suffered a stroke in Mexico. While absent, he was deposed by Wilbur G. Voliva, his chief lieutenant, Voliva and official investigators maintained that anywhere from $2.5 to 3.4 million was unaccounted for. Dowie attempted to recover his authority through litigation but was ultimately forced to accept an allowance until his death in 1907. Dowie is buried in Lake Mound Cemetery, Zion, Illinois.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zion Historical Society )」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|